Effect of Transformational Leadership on Employee Organizational Commitment: Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence

This study examines the relevance of different approaches related to non-pecuniary factors by distinguishing positive from negative work attitudes (e.g., effort and shirking). Using survey data, we quantify the relative importance of several human resource management practices. Results show that the social esteem approach, including pride and shame, is more prevalent than the social preference approach, including reciprocity and fairness, with respect to effort. However, the latter approach is as important as the former approach with respect to shirking. These results are robust, irrespective of gender. Distinguishing the context of work incentives, either effort or shirking, is crucially important when discussing the effects of non-pecuniary factors.